Influence of Illumination on Paper and Silk used in Chinese Traditional Painting and Calligraphy Based on Raman Spectroscopy in Museum

As the substrate of Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy, the paper and silk are susceptible to optical radiation in the museum illumination and appear mechanical damage such as brittleness, chalking, deformation, etc. However, there is no effective method now of quantitatively evaluating the mechanical damage of cultural relics caused by illumination. In this paper, Raman spectroscopy used in the analytical chemistry field was introduced into the illumination research of the cultural relics in museum. The four light sources with different center wavelengths of 450nm, 510nm, 583nm, and 650nm, which constitute the spectra of the white light-emitting-diode (LED), were used as the light sources. As experimental specimens, the paper and silk specimens were illuminated by the above light sources for half of a year. Raman spectra of specimens before and after illumination were detected. By analyzing the variations of Raman characteristic peak intensity, the relative damage coefficients of four light sources on the microscopic molecular structure of the paper and silk specimens were studied, respectively. Finally, white LED illumination, namely the spectral irradiance distribution (SPD) of white LED, for the paper and silk should be designed according to the corresponding relative damage coefficients, respectively. Simultaneously, the paper proposed a new research method of studying mechanical damage of cultural relics based on Raman spectroscopy

Optimization of four-primary white LEDs based on protective effect and color quality-a solution for museum illumination

A solution was proposed for obtaining white light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) which are suitable for illuminating traditional Chinese paintings painted with inorganic pigments (iop-TCPs) based on the requirements of protective illumination and color quality. The damage laws and degrees of 450nm, 510nm, 583nm, and 650nm monochromatic lights which can construct four-primary white LEDs on the iop-TCPs were obtained through long-term illumination experiment and data analysis by converting color coordinates into CIE DE2000 color difference values. Then we obtained the damage formula of the constructed white LEDs, which can be used to evaluate damage degree. Spectral power distributions (SPDs) of the white LEDs, which can be iterated by brute-force algorithm, were simulated by the Gaussian formula. Constructed SPDs were evaluated by the damage formula and color quality formulas. The color quality eligible white LEDs with higher correlated color temperatures (CCTs) damage less to iop-TCPs. And the lowest damage SPDs satisfying color quality requirements in CCT ranges from 2700K to 4000K were obtained. Achievements can provide the theory and application basis for manufacturing white LEDs suitable for illuminating iop-TCPs; and the method can be further used in preparing white LEDs applicable to other cultural relics

EGFR and COX-2 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer and the correlation with clinical features

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To evaluate the expression of EGFR and COX-2 and their correlation with prognosis in NSCLC</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The paraffin embedded tumor samples of 50 NSCLC patients receiving radical resection were analyzed immunohistochemically for EGFR and COX-2 expression and their prognostic values were explored.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The positive rate of EGFR protein in NSCLC tumor cells was 46%, which was significantly higher than its expression in normal lung (p = 0.0234) and paracancerous tissues (p = 0.020). EGFR expression was significantly higher in nodal positive than in nodal negative patients (p = 0.04). The mean survival time for EGFR positive patients (31 months) was significantly lower than that for patients with EGFR negative expression (48 months) (p = 0.008,). In patients receiving post-operation thoracic irradiation, the mean survival time for EGFR positive patients was significantly lower than that for patients without EGFR positive expression (25 vs. 48 months, P = 0.004). The positive rate of COX-2 protein expression in NSCLC tumor cells was 90%, which was significantly higher than that in normal tissue(p = 0.00) and paracancerous tissue (p = 0.00). There was no correlation between COX-2 expression and patient survival, and no correlation between COX-2 and EGFR protein expression (P = 0.555).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>COX-2 and EGFR are over-expressed in NSCLC. EGFR is an independent prognostic factor and a predictive factor for radiotherapy response in NSCLC.</p

Cyanidin-3-o-Glucoside Pharmacologically Inhibits Tumorigenesis via Estrogen Receptor β in Melanoma Mice

Expression patterns of estrogen receptors [ERα, ERβ, and G-protein associated ER (GPER)] in melanoma and skin may suggest their differential roles in carcinogenesis. Phytoestrogenic compound cyanidin-3-o-glucoside (C3G) has been shown to inhibit the growth and metastatic potential of melanoma, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of action of C3G in melanoma in vitro and in vivo, as well as to characterize the functional expressions of ERs in melanoma. In normal skin or melanoma (n = 20/each), no ERα protein was detectable, whereas expression of ERβ was high in skin but weak focal or negative in melanoma; and finally high expression of GPER in all skin vs. 50% melanoma tissues (10/20) was found. These results correspond with our analysis of the melanoma survival rates (SRs) from Human Protein Atlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas GDC (362 patients), where low ERβ expression in melanoma correlate with a poor relapse-free survival, and no correlations were observed between SRs and ERα or GPER expression in melanoma. Furthermore, we demonstrated that C3G treatment arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase by targeting cyclin B1 (CCNB1) and promoted apoptosis via ERβ in both mouse and human melanoma cell lines, and inhibited melanoma cell growth in vivo. Our study suggested that C3G elicits an agonistic effect toward ERβ signaling enhancement, which may serve as a potential novel therapeutic and preventive approach for melanoma

Large Differences between Glaciers 3D Surface Extents and 2D Planar Areas in Central Tianshan

Most glaciers in China lie in high mountainous environments and have relatively large surface slopes. Common analyses consider glaciers’ projected areas (2D Area) in a two-dimensional plane, which are much smaller than glacier’s topographic surface extents (3D Area). The areal difference between 2D planar areas and 3D surface extents exceeds −5% when the glacier’s surface slope is larger than 18°. In this study, we establish a 3D model in the Muzart Glacier catchment using ASTER GDEM data. This model is used to quantify the areal difference between glaciers’ 2D planar areas and their 3D surface extents in various slope zones and elevation bands by using the second Chinese Glacier Inventory (CGI2). Finally, we analyze the 2D and 3D area shrinking rate between 2007 and 2013 in Central Tianshan using glaciers derived from Landsat images by an object-based classification approach. This approach shows an accuracy of 89% when it validates by comparison of glaciers derived from Landsat and high spatial resolution GeoEye images. The extracted glaciers in 2007 also have an agreement of 89% with CGI2 data in the Muzart Glacier catchment. The glaciers’ 3D area is 34.2% larger than their 2D area from CGI2 in the Muzart Glacier catchment and by 27.9% in the entire Central Tianshan. Most underestimation occurs in the elevation bands of 4000–5000 m above sea level (a.s.l.). The 3D glacier areas reduced by 30 and 115 km2 between 2007 and 2013 in the Muzart Glacier catchment and Central Tianshan, being 37.0% and 27.6% larger than their 2D areas reduction, respectively. The shrinking rates decrease with elevation increase

Topography-Related Glacier Area Changes in Central Tianshan from 1989 to 2015 Derived from Landsat Images and ASTER GDEM Data

Studies have investigated the glacier projected area (2D Area) on a horizontal plane, which is much smaller than the glacier topographic surface extent (3D Area) in steep terrains. This study maps the glacier outline in Central Tianshan using Landsat images from four periods, i.e., 1989, 2002, 2007 and 2015, by an object-based classification approach, and analyzes the glacier 2D and 3D area changes related to topographic factors based on Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global DEM data. This approach shows an accuracy of 90.8% for clean ice mapping. The derived clean ice outlines are in good agreement with the 2nd Chinese Glacier Inventory (CGI2) and the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS). The fields with a northern aspect receive the least surface solar radiation, leading to dominant existing glaciers. Glaciers are near evenly distributed in slope zones of 0&deg; to 50&deg; and have a mean slope angle of 28.8&deg;, resulting in a 30.3% larger 3D area than the 2D area in 2015 in Central Tianshan. The glacier 2D area decreased by 404 km2 (&minus;8.1%) between 1989 and 2015, while the 3D area declined by 516 km2 (&minus;7.9%). The glacier 2D area showed a reduction of &minus;1.8% between 1989 and 2002, &minus;3.8% between 2002 and 2007, and &minus;2.7% between 2007 and 2015, and these retreating rates closely responded to the variations of regional mean air temperature and precipitation. Topographically, most reductions occurred in elevation bands of 3000&ndash;4000 m and in slope zones of 10&ndash;20&deg; and 40&ndash;50&deg;, and in the eastern aspect fields. The northern Tekes River catchment had the largest shrinking rate of &minus;17.0% (2D area), followed by the southern Karasu River (&minus;14.2%) and Muzart River (&minus;7.7%) catchments. In contrast, glaciers in the Kumerik/Aksu and Tailan River catchments in the Tuomuer region showed little change (&minus;2%)